Ko mhando yemabhodhoro egirazi anotengwa kunze kwenyika inogona kuvimbiswa here?

Hunhu hwemabhodhoro egirazi anounzwa kunze kwenyika hwagara huri chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinonetsa vatengi. Sekambani ine hunyanzvi mukugadzira nekuburitsa mabhodhoro egirazi kunze kwenyika,takazvipira kupa vatengi zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi emhando yepamusoro uye akavimbika.

Chekutanga,mabhodhoro edu egirazizvinoongororwa nguva dzose uye zvinotumirwa kumasangano akasiyana-siyana ekuongorora ane mvumo akadai seLFGB, TUV, neSGS kuti zviongororwe, uye mwero wekupasa we100% wekutora sampuli. Kana uchida zvitupa zvakakodzera, ndapota tinya pano kuti uzviwane.

Chechipiri, tine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvigadzirwa, kusanganisira mabhodhoro ewaini anopfuura 1700, ane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana, maumbirwo, uye mavara kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa nevatengi vakasiyana. Kana uchida katarogu yezvigadzirwa,tapota tinya pano kuti utibate.

Chechitatu, tinokoshesa zvikurukutumirwa kwechigadzirwauye tinopa masevhisi ekutumira zvinhu nemazvo panguva yakakodzera uye nemazvo kuvatengi. Tinoshanda pamwe chete nevatengi vakawanda.makambani epasi rose ekufambisa zvinhukupa vatengi mhinduro dzekugadzirisa zvinhu dzinochinjika, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvigadzirwa zvinounzwa kuvatengi nenguva uye nehuwandu hunodiwa.mabasa ekufambisa zvinhuinofukidza nyika dzakawanda nenzvimbo pasi rose uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvevatengi zvekutumira kunze kwenyika.

Chekupedzisira, tine hunyanzvi hwakasimba hwekutumira kunze kwenyika uye ruzivo rwakakura rwekutumira kunze kwenyika, uye tinogona kupa vatengi mabasa ehunyanzvi ekutumira kunze kwenyika.mitemo yekutengeserana kwenyika dzesenemitemo nemirau yakakodzera, uye inogona kupa vatengi mazano akazara ekutumira kunze kwenyika nerutsigiro. Bhizinesi redu rekutumira kunze kwenyika rinofukidza nyika dzakawanda nenzvimbo dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Europe,North America,South America, Asia, nezvimwewo, uye ine ruzivo rwakakura rwekutengesa kunze kwenyika uye zvakanakira zviwanikwa.

In kambani yedu,kugutsikana kwevatengindiyo inonyanya kukosha kwatiri. Takazvipira kupa vatengi zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvakavimbika uyemasevhisikuti tive nechokwadi chekuti vatengi vagutsikana uye vanovimba nekambani yedu. Kana muine mibvunzo kana zvaunoda maererano nezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi edu, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kubata kambani yedutimu yebasa revatengi, uye tichafara kukubatsira.

Pazasi pane mimwe yemitemo nemirau yakakodzera pamusoro pemabhodhoro egirazi muChina nedzimwe nyika, izvo pasina mubvunzo zvichaunza ramangwana rakajeka kumabhodhoro egirazi.

MuChina, madhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana ane mitemo yakajeka uye yakaoma uye nzira dzekutarisira kurongedza, kugadzira, uye kushandisa mabhodhoro egirazi. Heano mamwe eanonyanya kukosha:

1. "Mutemo weKuchengetedza Chikafu": Mutemo uyu unoti mabhodhoro egirazi anoshandiswa mumvura yekunwa, doro, chikafu, nezvimwe zvinangwa anofanira kuzadzisa mitemo yekuchengetedza yakakodzera.
2. "Glass Bottle Industry Standard": Mutemo uyu unotsanangura zvinodiwa, kurongwa, saizi,kuongorora muviri, kutara, kurongedza, kuchengetera, nezvimwe zvinhu zvemabhodhoro egirazi.
3. "Matanho Ekutarisira Rezenisi Rekugadzira Mabhodhoro Egirazi": Chiyero ichi chinotaura kuti makambani ekugadzira mabhodhoro egirazi anofanira kuva nerezenisi rekugadzira uye kugadzira masisitimu ekutarisira kunyorera rezenisi, kubvumidzwa, kuchinjwa, kukanzurwa, nezvimwewo.
4. "Mitemo Yekuongorora Mabhodhoro Egirazi": Mutemo uyu unotsanangura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongorora mabhodhoro egirazi, kusanganisira chitarisiko, saizi, hunyanzvi hwemuviri, hunyanzvi hwemakemikari, hunyanzvi hwemaziso, nezvimwe zvinodiwa.
5. "Matanho Ekutarisira Kudzokorodza uyeKushandiswa"Mabhodhoro eGirazi": Chiyero ichi chinotsanangurahurongwa hwekutarisirayekudzokorodza nekushandisa mabhodhoro egirazi, kusanganisirazvinodiwa pakukodzeramasangano ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakare, kuchengetedzeka uyemanejimendi ehutsananapanguva yekudzokorodza, kupatsanura, kuchengetera, uye kutakurwa kwemabhodhoro egirazi akadzokororwa, nezvimwe zvinodiwa.

Dudziro: Zvichienderana ne "Standard yeIndasitiriyeMabhodhoro eGirazi” (GB/T 19673-2019), zviri mukati zvinotevera maererano nezvinodiwa zvekutanga, kupatsanurwa, saizi,kuongorora muviri, kunyora mazita, kurongedza, kuchengetera, nezvimwe zvinhu zvemabhodhoro egirazi zvakanyorwa:

1. Zvinodiwa zvekutanga: Mabhodhoro egirazi anofanira kusanganamitemo yekuchengetedzeka kwenyika, hadzina zvikanganiso zvakakosha, uye pamusoro padzo panofanira kunge pakapfava, pakachena, uye pasina mavanga, maburi, uye mitswe.
2. Kupatsanura: Mabhodhoro egirazi anoiswa muzvikamu zvitatu zvichienderana nebasa rawo, chimiro, nezvimwe zvinhu, zvinosanganisirarudzi rwemuromo,rudzi rwekugona, uye rudzi rwechishandiso chakakosha.
3. Zviyero: Zvinoenderanazviyero zvehukurukune marudzi akasiyana emabhodhoro egirazi anotsanangurwa, kusanganisiradhayamita yemuromo, kureba, dhayamita yepasi, uye vhoriyamu.
4. Kuongorora muviri: Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita sekuongorora chitarisiko,kuongorora mativi,kuongorora mashandiro emuviri, kuongororwa kwekushanda kwemakemikari, kuongororwa kwekushanda kwemaziso, nezvimwewo.
5. Kunyora: Zviri mukati nenzvimbo yekunyora mabhodhoro egirazi zvakatsanangurwa, kusanganisira zita remugadziri, marongero emhando, vhoriyamu, huremu hwese, uye mhando.
6. Kurongedza: Iyozvinodiwa pakurongedzamabhodhoro egirazi anotsanangurwa, kusanganisira zvinhu zvekurongedza,nzira dzekurongedzauyekunyora mazita ekurongedza.
7. Kuchengetera: Zvinodiwa pakuchengetera mabhodhoro egirazi zvakatsanangurwa, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzekuchengetera, nzira dzekuchengetera, uye nguva dzekuchengetera.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinoenderana ne "Mirairo yeKuongorora Mabhodhoro eGirazi" (GB/T 19431-2019), zvinodiwa uye ruzivo rwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongorora mabhodhoro egirazi, kusanganisira chitarisiko, saizi, mashandiro emuviri,mashandiro emakemikari, mashandiro e optical, nezvimwewo, zvinotsanangurwa seizvi:

1. Kuongorora chitarisiko: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora kanamuviri webhodhororakati sandara, kana paine zvikanganiso zvakaita semabhuru, mitswe, makwara, nezvimwewo, uye kana saizi nemaumbirwo echinhu chachomuromo webhodhoro, pasi, nezvimwe zvikamu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa.
2. Kuongororwa kwehukuru: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora kana hukuru, hwakaita sedhayamita yemuromo, kukwirira, dhayamita yepasi, uye vhoriyamu, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa, uye kanamaumbirwo ejometri, zvakaita sekutenderera kwemuromo uye kutwasuka kwemuviri webhodhoro, zvinosangana nezvinodiwa.
3. Kuongorora mashandiro emuviri: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora simba remuviri webhodhoro, kuramba kupisa,kuramba kutonhora, kuramba kushanduka kwekushisa,kuramba kupisa, nezvimwe zvinhu.
4. Kuongorora mashandiro emakemikari: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora kugadzikana kwemakemikari, kuramba ngura, kunyunguduka, nezvimwe zvinhu zviri mubhodhoro regirazi.
5. Kuongorora mashandiro emaziso: Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora mashandiro emazisokutapurirana kwechiedzauye chromaticity yebhodhoro regirazi.

Pamusoro pezvo, mitemo iyi inotsanangurawonzira dzekuongororauye mitemo, iyozvinodiwa pakutongakuti zvionekwe kuti zvabuda muongororo, uye zvinodiwa kuti zvinyorwa zveongororo nemishumo zvionekwe. Zvinhu izvi zvekuongorora nemitemo zvine chinangwa chekuona kuti mabhodhoro egirazi akanaka uye akachengeteka uye zvinoparutsigiro rwehunyanzvi rwakavimbikayekugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemabhodhoro egirazi.

Dudziro: Kuongorora uyezviyero zvekuyedzaMabhodhoro egirazi anogona kusiyana munyika dzakasiyana nenzvimbo. Heano mamwe maitiro akakodzera uye ruzivo rwakadzama kune dzimwe nyika kana nzvimbo:

1. European Union (EU): EU inonyanya kurevamitemo yepasi rosezvakaita seISO 719 neISO 718 yekuongorora nekuyedza mabhodhoro egirazi. Pamusoro pezvo, EU yakagadzirawo mimwe mitemo yemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhodhoro egirazi, senge Pharmaceutical Glass Standards (EP), Wine Bottle Standards (DIN 228), Food Glass Bottle Standards (DIN 6120), nezvimwewo.
2. United States: Sangano reU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rakaburitsa mitemo yakawanda yemabhodhoro egirazi, kusanganisira zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa, kurongedza, kunyora mazita, kuchengetwa, uye kutakurwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe masangano akazvimirira muUS akagadzira mitemo yekuyedza mabhodhoro egirazi, akadai seGirazi Rokurongedza(GPI) uyeSangano reNyika reMagirazi(NGCA).
3. Japan: Japan yakagadzira mitemo yemabhodhoro egirazi emishonga, kusanganisira JIS R3501 neJIS R3502. Pamusoro pezvo, Japan yakagadzawo mitemo yekurongedza, kunyora mazita, kuchengetera, uye kutakurwa kwemabhodhoro egirazi.
4. Ositireriya:MuAustraliaStandards Bureau yakagadzira AS/NZS 2233 series yemitemo, kusanganisira AS/NZS 2233.1, AS/NZS 2233.2, nezvimwewo, iyo inotsanangura zvinodiwa pahukuru hwebhodhoro regirazi, ukobvu, vhoriyamu, mashandiro aro,mashandiro emakemikari, nezvimwewo.

Pakati pazvo, Wine Bottle Standard (DIN 228) ndeimwe yemitemo yeEurope yemabhodhoro ewaini, iyo inoshanda pakugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemabhodhoro akasiyana-siyana ewaini. Mutemo uyu unotsanangura zvakadzama chimiro chebhodhoro, saizi, kugona, zvinhu, uyezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro, kusanganisira:

1. Chimiro: Mabhodhoro ewaini anofanira kunge akaita sedenderedzwa, aine muromo wakatwasuka wakaita sebhare uye pasi pacho pakaita sepamativi kana kuti pamativi ose.
2. Saizi: Saizi yemabhodhoro ewaini inofanira kuenderana nezvinodiwa, kusanganisiradhayamita yemuromo, kureba, dhayamita yepasi, nezvimwewo.
3. Kugona: Kugona kwemabhodhoro ewaini kunofanirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa, kazhinji 0.25 litres, 0.5 litres, 0.75 litres, 1 litres, 1.5 litres, 2 litres, nezvimwewo.
4. Zvinhu: Mabhodhoro ewaini anofanira kugadzirwa negirazi, rinogona kuonekera, rakajeka, girini, nezvimwewo, asi rinofanira kutevedzera mitemo yenyika.
5. Zvinodiwa pamhando yepamusoro: Mabhodhoro ewaini anofanira kunge asina zvikanganiso zvakakura, ane pamusoro pakachena uye pakachena, uye asina zvikanganiso zvakaita semafuro, mitswe, uye mavanga. Pamusoro pezvo, huremu hwemabhodhoro ewaini hunofanira kuenderana nezvinodiwa, uye ukobvu hwegirazi hunofanira kuenderana nezvinodiwa.mitemo yenyikakuona kuti bhodhoro racho rakasimba.

Mureza weBhodhoro reWaini (DIN 228) unotsanangurawo zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro yemabhodhoro ewaini, kusanganisira huremu hwebhodhoro. Kunyanya, kune750 mlbhodhoro rewaini,huremu hushomainofanira kuva magiramu mazana matatu, uye huremu hwepamusoro hunofanira kuva magiramu mazana manomwe. Kumabhodhoro ewaini ane zvimwe zviyero, huremu hwepamusoro nehwepamusoro hunofanira kugadziriswa zvakakodzera zvichienderana nehukuru hwehuwandu.

Pamusoro pezvo,Bhodhoro reWaini Rinoyera(DIN 228) inotsanangurawo ukobvu hwegirazi remabhodhoro ewaini kuti ive nechokwadi chekusimba kwebhodhoro. Kunyanya, kumabhodhoro ewaini ane simba rakasiyana, ukobvu hushoma nehukuru hwakanyanya hunotsanangurwa.

Muchidimbu, Wine Bottle Standard (DIN 228) ine zvinhu zvakananga zvehuremu neukobvu hwegirazi remabhodhoro ewaini kuitira kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti akachengeteka uye akanaka.Chimiro cheGermanuye inogona kuonekwa uye kuwanikwa pawebhusaiti yepamutemo yeGerman Institute for Standardization (DIN). Matanho chaiwo ndeaya anotevera:

1. Vhurawebhusaiti yepamutemoyeGerman Institute forKugadzirisa(DIN), kero yewebhusaiti ndeyehttps://www.din.de.
2. Isa "DIN 228" mu "DIN 228"bhokisi rekutsvagapapeji rekutanga wobva wadzvanya bhatani rekutsvaga.
3. Papeji yekutsvaga mhinduro, tsvaga "Flaschen für alkoholische Getränke; Flaschen für Wein und Schaumwein; Flaschenformen und -größen" (zita rechiGerman rechiyero chebhodhoro rewaini) uye tinya pairi.
4. Mushure mekupinda peji rakadzama remutemo, unogona kuwana zvese zviri mumutemo kuburikidzakudhawunirodha kwakabhadharwa,kuona online, kana kunyoresa.

Webhusaiti yepamutemo yeSangano reGerman reStandardization(DIN) inonyanya kushandiswa muchiGerman, saka hunyanzvi hwekuverenga chiGerman hunodiwa. Panguva imwe chete, kutenga kwakajairika pawebhusaiti kunowanzoda kubhadharwa, uye mari chaiyo uye nzira dzinogona kubvunzwa pawebhusaiti.

Kana tichienzanisa nezvinodiwa nenyika, mwero weGerman (DIN 228) wakazara uye une mvumo. Saka, zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa zvedu zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakaongororwa neLFGB, zvinosanganisira mabhodhoro egirazi, mavharo emabhodhoro, mavharo ebamboo, uyezvisimbiso zverabhaFekitori yedu yakapasawo bvunzo nekupa chitupa kubva kumasangano akawanda ekuongorora ane mvumo akadai seSGS, TUV, uyeIntertekkuona kuti zvigadzirwa zvedu zvinosangana nemhando yakakodzera uyemitemo yekuchengetedza.