Parizvino, kunze kwezvigadzirwa zvishoma zvemhando yepamusoro uye mhando dzakasiyana dziri pamusika, mhando zhinji dzine dhizaini yadzo yekurongedza, iyo isingangobatsiri chete kukwidza mitengo yezvigadzirwa, asiwo inosiyana nezvigadzirwa zvinokwikwidzana uye inoita kuti pave nemabhenefiti ari nani.
1 Kupesvedzera kwezvinhu zvekurongedza waini pawaini
1.1 Mhando huru dzezvinhu zvekurongedza waini
Kurongedza doro kunonyanya kusanganisira kurongedza kwekunze uye kurongedza kwemukati. Mhando dzezvinhu zvekurongedza zvekunze dzinosanganisira bepa, purasitiki, simbi nehuni; mhando dzezvinhu zvekurongedza zvemukati dzinosanganisira purasitiki, girazi, huni uye zviumbwa zvedoro; pamusoro pezvo, kurongedza waini kwaishandiswa munguva dzekare zvakare inyaya itsva, uye zviumbwa zvedoro, zvigadzirwa zvejade uye zvigadzirwa zvekristaro zvinoshandiswawo. Zvinoshandiswa pakurongedza waini.
1.2 Simba rezvinhu zvekurongedza waini pawaini
Kunyange zvazvo waini isina kubatana zvakananga newaini, simba rayo pawaini harifaniri kufuratirwa.
1.2.1 Mupakeji yekunze, bepa ndiro chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakurongedza, uye njodzi dzaro dzakavanda hadzifanirwe kufuratirwa. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti makemikari akadai seanodzivirira kubuda kwemvura, zvinhu zvinoisa saizi, uye zvinhu zvinozadza anofanirwa kuwedzerwa mupumburu panguva yekugadzira mapepa.
(inoita kuti bepa rirege kupenya), bleach, madhayi, nezvimwewo. Chinhu chinodzivirira kubuda kwemvura chinonyanya kushandiswa sipo yerosin; chinozadza i kaolin, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate uye magnesium silicate; chinhu chinobvisa tsvina i calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, sodium peroxide uye hydrogen peroxide, nezvimwewo; chinhu chinobvisa tsvina Shandisa madhayi anonyungudika mumvura uye pigments dzinopenda. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakanyungudika mupepa zvinobva muzvinhu zvemakemikari zvakaita se pulp additives. Pakati pemadhayi, simbi dzakavakirwa pa cadmium dzinonyanya kushandiswa mutsvuku, uye simbi dzakavakirwa pa lead dzinonyanya kushandiswa mu yero, iyo inogonawo kunyungudika muhuwandu hwakaderera (mg/L level) uye inokonzera chirwere. Simbi dzinorema hadzigone kuora, pane kudaro, dzinogona kupfumiswa kazana pasi pe bio-magnification yecheni yechikafu, uye pakupedzisira dzinopinda mumuviri wemunhu. Simbi dzinorema dzinogona kusangana zvakasimba nemapuroteni nema enzymes mumuviri wemunhu, zvichiita kuti dzisashande, uye dzinogonawo kuungana mune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri wemunhu, zvichikonzera chepfu isingaperi. Zvinodhaya mapepa zvine chepfu inopenya, pepa rewakisi rine ma monomers akasara, uye mamwe ma wakisi ane kenza. Pamusoro pezvo, formaldehyde inoshandiswa mumishonga inouraya fungus kana kugadzira resin inogonawo kunyungudutswa kubva muzvigadzirwa zvepepa.
1.2 Simba rezvinhu zvekurongedza waini pawaini
Kunyange zvazvo waini isina kubatana zvakananga newaini, simba rayo pawaini harifaniri kufuratirwa.
1.2.1 Mupakeji yekunze, bepa ndiro chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakurongedza, uye njodzi dzaro dzakavanda hadzifanirwe kufuratirwa. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti makemikari akadai seanodzivirira kubuda kwemvura, zvinhu zvinoisa saizi, uye zvinhu zvinozadza anofanirwa kuwedzerwa mupumburu panguva yekugadzira mapepa.
(inoita kuti bepa rirege kupenya), bleach, madhayi, nezvimwewo. Chinhu chinodzivirira kubuda kwemvura chinonyanya kushandiswa sipo yerosin; chinozadza i kaolin, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate uye magnesium silicate; chinhu chinobvisa tsvina i calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, sodium peroxide uye hydrogen peroxide, nezvimwewo; chinhu chinobvisa tsvina Shandisa madhayi anonyungudika mumvura uye pigments dzinopenda. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakanyungudika mupepa zvinobva muzvinhu zvemakemikari zvakaita se pulp additives. Pakati pemadhayi, simbi dzakavakirwa pa cadmium dzinonyanya kushandiswa mutsvuku, uye simbi dzakavakirwa pa lead dzinonyanya kushandiswa mu yero, iyo inogonawo kunyungudika muhuwandu hwakaderera (mg/L level) uye inokonzera chirwere. Simbi dzinorema hadzigone kuora, pane kudaro, dzinogona kupfumiswa kazana pasi pe bio-magnification yecheni yechikafu, uye pakupedzisira dzinopinda mumuviri wemunhu. Simbi dzinorema dzinogona kusangana zvakasimba nemapuroteni nema enzymes mumuviri wemunhu, zvichiita kuti dzisashande, uye dzinogonawo kuungana mune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri wemunhu, zvichikonzera chepfu isingaperi. Zvinodhaya mapepa zvine chepfu inopenya, pepa rewakisi rine ma monomers akasara, uye mamwe ma wakisi ane kenza. Pamusoro pezvo, formaldehyde inoshandiswa mumishonga inouraya fungus kana kugadzira resin inogonawo kunyungudutswa kubva muzvigadzirwa zvepepa.
2 Mhedziso
Parizvino, nyika zhinji pasi rose dziri kudzidza nezvekushandiswa kwepurasitiki yakasvibira uye kushandisa zvinhu zvekurongedza zvisina chepfu uye zvisina njodzi. Mukutengeserana kwechikafu kwenyika dzese, nyika dzakagadzira mitemo nematanho akakodzera ekuchengetedza hutano hwevatengi uye kuona kuti vanoita basa guru mukuchengetedzeka kwechikafu. Vanhu vanovimba nechikafu kuti chive chinhu chakakosha, uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu kwakabatana zvakanyanya nemutengi wese, uye kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu kwave chinhu chinonyanya kutariswa. Nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiitwa mararamiro evanhu uye kukura nekukurumidza kwesainzi netekinoroji, kutarisa kwevanhu pakuchengetedzwa kwechikafu hakungogumiri padambudziko rechikafu pachacho, asiwo matambudziko ekuchengetedza chikafu anogona kukonzerwa nezvinhu nezvigadzirwa zvinosangana nechikafu ave kuwedzera kufarirwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvekuteerera. Nguva dzakajairika, dzakadai semachira akapfuma, solvents yakagadzirwa nebenzene mumabhegi ekurongedza chikafu, nedzimwe nyaya dzekuchengetedza dzakakonzera kunetseka kukuru uye kunetseka kubva kumativi ese ehupenyu.
Pakati pezvinhu zvekurongedza waini, mabhodhoro ewaini egirazi anoshandiswa semidziyo, uye kushandiswa kwawo kwave kwakakura. Mabhodhoro ewaini yeceramic anoora nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sekupinza mvura uye kupinza mvura. Bone china haina mvura yakawanda uye ine maburi madiki, uye inogona kushandiswa mukupaka waini. Zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukupaka waini, asi zvese zvine zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira, uye zvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvinosanganisa zvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura zvepolymer zvinogona kutsiva kushomeka kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepolymer. Sesangano rekutsvagisa kwesainzi, rinofanira kusimbisa kutsvagisa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvekurongedza waini, kutsvaga zvinhu zvakakodzera zvekurongedza, kupa mazita ehunyanzvi ari nani ekusimudzira indasitiri yewaini, uye kubvumira tsika yewaini yagara iripo kuti ipararire munyika yeChina.
Nguva yekutumira: Gumiguru-14-2022